What are the leading causes of runway incursions?

The correct answer focuses on miscommunication, lack of situational awareness, and insufficient training as the leading causes of runway incursions.

Miscommunication can occur between pilots and air traffic controllers or among taxiing aircraft, leading to misunderstandings about commands or clearances. Such misunderstandings heighten the risk of a runway incursion as an aircraft may inadvertently enter an active runway without proper authorization.

Lack of situational awareness is critical in an aviation context. Pilots and ground personnel need to maintain awareness of their surroundings and the current operational environment. When situational awareness diminishes, it increases the chance of entering a runway where another aircraft is taking off or landing.

Insufficient training can contribute significantly to these issues. Proper training programs are vital for pilots, ground crew, and air traffic controllers to understand operational protocols and improve communication systems. By enhancing training, individuals are better prepared to recognize potential hazards and respond appropriately, which is crucial in preventing incursions.

In summary, the three key factors - miscommunication, lack of situational awareness, and insufficient training - directly relate to human factors that often lead to runway incursions, making this answer the most accurate.